非謂語動(dòng)詞是指由動(dòng)詞變化而成，仍具有動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì)與意義，但不能作為動(dòng)詞使用的詞。通常有三種形式構(gòu)成：

1. 由“to+動(dòng)詞原形”而成的不定式;

2. 由“動(dòng)詞原形+ing”而成的現(xiàn)在分詞或動(dòng)名詞;

3. 由“動(dòng)詞原形+ed”而成的(包括動(dòng)詞的不規(guī)則變化)過去分詞。

非謂語基本形式及在句中的成分一覽表(以 do為例) 不定式現(xiàn)在分詞動(dòng)名詞過去分詞一般式肯定主動(dòng)to do doing doing/被動(dòng)to be done being done being done done否定主動(dòng)not to do not doing not doing/被動(dòng)not to be done not being done not being done/進(jìn)行式肯定主動(dòng)to be doing///被動(dòng)/否定主動(dòng)not to be doing被動(dòng)/完成式肯定主動(dòng)to have done having

done having done/被動(dòng)to have been done having been done having been done否定主動(dòng)not to have done not having done not having done被動(dòng)not to have been done not having been done not having been done完成進(jìn)行時(shí)肯定主動(dòng)to have been doing 被動(dòng)/否定主動(dòng)not to have been doing 被動(dòng)/在句中成分主語、賓語、定語、表語、狀語、補(bǔ)語、等除謂語之外所有成分定語、表語、狀語、補(bǔ)語定語、表語、賓語、主語定語、表語、狀語、補(bǔ)語注意：1.過去分詞就是表示完成、被動(dòng)的意義，不及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞只表示完成。不及物動(dòng)詞的不定式，現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞沒有被動(dòng)式。

2.非謂語的否定式都是由“not+非謂語”構(gòu)成。一、動(dòng)詞不定式的主要用法

1.To finish the work on time is not easy.(作主語)

(要準(zhǔn)時(shí)完成這項(xiàng)任務(wù)并不容易。)

注意：動(dòng)詞不定式作主語時(shí)，也可以用形式主語“it”，

即It’s not easy to finish the work on time.

His wish was to become a teacher.(作表語)

(他的愿望是成為一名教師。)

There is nothing to worry about.(作定語)

(沒有什么可以擔(dān)心的。)

He ran to catch the bus. (作狀語)

(他跑著去趕車。)

I want to see the new film.(作賓語)

(我想要去看這部新電影。)

He asked me to open the door.(作賓語補(bǔ)足語)

(他要我把門打開。)

注意：①動(dòng)詞不定式在作let,make,see,hear,feel,watch等使役、感觀動(dòng)詞的賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，不定式不帶“to”

例：We often hear her sing in the next room.(我們經(jīng)常聽到她在隔壁房間唱歌。)

但上述動(dòng)詞用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)的句子中，動(dòng)詞不定式變成主語補(bǔ)足語，這時(shí)必須帶“to”。

例：He was heard to sing in the next room every morning.(明天早晨他總是被聽到在隔壁房間唱歌。)

②動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語時(shí)，也可用形式賓語“it”。

例：They found it impossible to get everything ready in time.(他們發(fā)現(xiàn)及時(shí)準(zhǔn)備好一切是不可能的。)

2.動(dòng)詞不定式也可以和疑問詞who,what,which,whether,when,how,where等連用，構(gòu)成不定式短語。

How to get the tickets is a question. (作主語)

(如何獲得票子是個(gè)問題。)

I wonder which to choose. (作賓語)

(我不知選哪一個(gè)。)

The question is who to send the letter. (作表語)

(問題是誰去送信。)

1. for + 名詞(代詞)+動(dòng)詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)

It is important for us to learn English. (作主語)

(對我們來說學(xué)英語是重要的。)

It is for you to decide. (作表語)

例：While talking with her teacher, she felt nervous.(當(dāng)與老師講話時(shí)，她感到緊張。);

On hearing the good news, she jumped up with joy.(她一聽到這好消息就高興地跳起來。)

4.當(dāng)分詞作狀語時(shí)，分詞的邏輯主語必須與句子的主語一致。

Seeing the house on fire, he immediately ran to the phone-box.

=When he saw the house on fire, he immediately ran to the phone-box.

(當(dāng)他看到房子著火，他馬上跑到電話亭去。)

Given more time, we could do it better.

=If we were given more time, we could do it better.

(如果我們被給更多的時(shí)間，會做得更好。)

5.有一類動(dòng)詞如interest,excite,surprise,please,disappoint,satisfy,tire等，它們的現(xiàn)在分詞往往用來表示事物的性質(zhì);而它們的過去分詞則用來表示人的感受。

I am very interested in the interesting story.

(我對這則有趣的故事很感興趣。)

We are all tired of such a tiring question.

(我們都對如此一個(gè)乏味的問題感到厭倦。)

6.現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式being done與過去分詞的區(qū)別。

現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式being done表示正在進(jìn)行的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作，而過去分詞則強(qiáng)調(diào)已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)的被動(dòng)狀態(tài)。

The problem being discussed now is very important.

(正在討論的問題很重要。)

The problem discussed yesterday was very important.

(昨天討論過的問題很重要。)

I saw many cars being repaired.

(我看到許多車正在被修理。)

I found the window broken.

(我發(fā)現(xiàn)窗被打碎了。)

Being cooked, the chicken gave out a wonderful smell.

(在被煮的時(shí)候，雞散發(fā)出極好的味道。)

Led by the party, we have won great achievements.

(在黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，我們?nèi)〉昧司啻蟮某晒?(由你來決定。)

I don’t think it good for you to leave now.(作賓語)

(我認(rèn)為你現(xiàn)在離開并不好。)

I have bought the books for you to read.(作定語)

(我已注意：only+分詞與only+不定式的區(qū)別

“only+現(xiàn)在分詞”的意思是結(jié)果只是;

“only+不定式”意思是想不到、反而并沒有料到的結(jié)果：

He lifted a rock only to drop on his own foot.

(他搬起石頭，想不到砸了自己的腳。)

He died, only leaving debts.

(他死了，只留下一身債。)

③不定式與分詞作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)的區(qū)別：

不定式作賓補(bǔ)表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作發(fā)生過的這一事實(shí)，強(qiáng)調(diào)由此行動(dòng)而產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果;而現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的過程即動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。

I found him coming into the building.

=I saw that he was coming into the building.

(我看到他正在走進(jìn)大樓。)

I found him come into the building.

=He came into the building, and I saw that.

(我看到他走進(jìn)大樓。)

注意：如在句子中出現(xiàn)often、seldom、usually等頻度副詞，表示動(dòng)作的經(jīng)常性，而不是動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，所以通常用動(dòng)詞不定式。

3.不定式與動(dòng)名詞的區(qū)別：

①從含義上不定式表示具體某一次的動(dòng)作，而動(dòng)名詞表示比較抽象的一般行為、習(xí)慣。

Saving money is important.

(存錢是重要的。)

To save money now is impossible.

(現(xiàn)在存錢是不可能的。)

My favorite sport is skating.

(我蕞喜歡的運(yùn)動(dòng)是滑冰。)

The first thing for us to do is to improve our pronunciation.

(第壹件我們要做的事是改進(jìn)發(fā)音。)

I love swimming, but I don’t love to swim in this dirty river.

(我喜歡游泳，但我不喜歡在這條臟河里游泳。)

注意：當(dāng)表語是動(dòng)名詞時(shí)，主語也要用動(dòng)名詞;當(dāng)表語是不定式時(shí)，主語也要用不定式。

例如：To live is to struggle.

Seeing is believing.

②關(guān)于不定式與動(dòng)名詞在用法上的幾點(diǎn)規(guī)定

只能用不定式的單詞或詞組(句型)

⑴It is important, It is necessary, It is fitting, It is advisable……等“It is+adj.+(for sb./of sb.)+不定式”的句型中

⑵在動(dòng)詞decide, wish, hope, promise, manage, arrange, choose, plan, desire, learn, want, ask, intend, attempt等后用不定式作賓語經(jīng)把你要讀的書買來了。)They handed in the exercises just in time for the teacher to correct.(作狀語)(他們及時(shí)交了作業(yè)以便教師批改。)